which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality? which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? All while doing this, we will identify areas of concern for psychologists focused on the treatment of mental disorders. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. Notice how the line has dropped below -70mV. Through their training and their professional activities, clinical psychologists become very familiar with the definitions of various forms of abnormal behavior and the ways it differs from normal behavior. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. Outside of phobias, desensitization has been shown to be effective in the treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder symptoms (Hakimian and Souza, 2016) and limitedly with the treatment of depression when co-morbid with OCD (Masoumeh and Lancy, 2016). The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. a. gestalt theorist b. psychodynamic theorist c. existential theorist d. evolutionary theorist. c. neurons. If you recognize your worth as a person, Carl Rogers would say that you have developed: a. spontaneity. Evaluating the behavioral model. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, weight gain, restlessness, tremors, and rigidity. What is learning and what forms does it take? 2.3.4.1. Thats all right. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of: A patient's initial reaction to being told she has a sexually transmitted infection (STI) is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. She felt confined and suffocated in this life and took to a fantasy world she called her private theater. Anna also developed hysteria, including symptoms such as memory loss, paralysis, disturbed eye movements, reduced speech, nausea, and mental deterioration. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. 112. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with: a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. c. client-centered The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). Before the race begins, she thinks, "I won't be able to do this!" 68. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness. 103. The hope is that the client will engage in self-examination with acceptance and honesty. a. psychoanalysis. Which type of theorist would focus on the athletes illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? According to family systems theory, this family is characterized by: a. enmeshed structure. When her friends or family criticize or express disapproval over something Johannah has done, she experiences a deep depression and self-abuse. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. 2.3.4.2. Trauma, stress, and other extreme stressors are predictive of depression. It operates on the reality principle, or an awareness of the need to adjust behavior, to meet the demands of our environment. c. axons. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. The autonomic nervous system regulates the functioning of blood vessels, glands, and internal organs such as the bladder, stomach, and heart. c. operant conditioning. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. 113. 2.2.1.3. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. 104. 148. The same is true of borderline personality disorder. d. humanistic. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. According to psychoanalysts, if a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced: a. repression. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. MOST likely, this therapist is a _____ therapist. However, she went to the restroom to change instead. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. b. secondary prevention. d. conditions of worth. Researchers who have looked into the link between religious devotion and psychological well-being have come to the following conclusion that: So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. 85. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. Their self-concept becomes distorted, now seen as having worth only when these significant others approve, leading to a disharmonious state and psychopathology. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. d. psychoanalytic therapy. 99. c. sociocultural All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. The information is received by brain structures (central nervous system) and perception occurs. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. b. resistance. b. cognitive-behavioral What are the five psychosexual stages according to Freud? Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. 141. a. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. Most people who receive couple therapy report no real improvement in their functioning. 2.3.2.4. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. Admittedly, single factors do emerge during a persons life, but as they arise, the factors become part of the individual. c. neurotransmitters. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. Other examples of secondary reinforcers include praise, a smile, getting money for working or earning good grades, stickers on a board, points, getting to go out dancing, and getting out of an exam if you are doing well in a class. The motivation to form relationships with others is a central theme of: Nari was taking the bar exam and was concerned that she didn't know the answers to many of the questions. For more on these, visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring. The neural impulse proceeds across the following steps: Lets look at the electrical portion of the process in another way and add some detail. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. The charge inside is -70mV at rest. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. Males have X and Y chromosomes while females have two Xs. Once in the brain, it is processed and interpreted. Nevertheless, just before the track meet begins, she thinks, "I can't do this! Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest. 122. d. client-centered therapy. Interestingly, younger adults are more likely to develop SAD than older adults. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. c. primary process thought. abnormality, also known as mental disorders, psychiatric diagnoses, or, more broadly, psychopathology. 43. Is this correct? The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? b. a biological predisposition is the primary factor leading to abnormality. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord; the former we will discuss briefly and in terms of key structures which include: Of course, this is not an exhaustive list of structures found in the brain but gives you a pretty good idea of function and which structure is responsible for it. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. The structure of personality. As such, we will need to establish a foundation for how communication in the nervous system occurs, what the parts of the nervous system are, what a neuron is and its structure, how neural transmission occurs, and what the parts of the brain are. To truly understand brain structure and chemistry, it is a good idea to understand how communication occurs within the nervous system. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. What is the effect of genes, hormones, and viruses on the development of mental disorders? a. d. existential, 125. a. humanistic-existential b. biological c. psychodynamic d. sociocultural, 5. 32. 41. For instance, people with Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) have difficulty regulating serotonin. A therapist who describes her client as someone who has yet to fulfill his or her full potential, rather than as someone with a disorder, is MOST likely what kind of theorist? Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. b. helping the client develop a stronger sense of self and rational thinking. If your parents resort to alcohol consumption to deal with stressors life presents, then you also might do the same. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: A patient with a controlling mother is undergoing therapy. Essentially, they wanted to explore the possibility of conditioning various types of emotional response(s). The researchers ran a series of trials in which they exposed a 9-month-old child, known as Little Albert, to a white rat. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/freuds-patients-serial/201201/bertha-pappenheim-1859-1936. 86. b. ego. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. When a child yells and threatens others, he or she is placed in a time-out, away from the group. "That's all right. Figure 2.9 shows that that are two main components that make up a reinforcement schedule when you will reinforce and what is being reinforced. Participants have similar issues. The goal of cognitive-behavioral therapy is BEST described as: modifying the client's negative behavior and dysfunctional ways of thinking. d. neurotransmitter imbalances. a. humanistic therapy. Think of it as an If-Then statement. 2.2.2.1. b. insight. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. The force that is in control in this example is the: a. id. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). What, according to Freud, fuels the id? In 1895, the book, Studies on Hysteria, was published by Josef Breuer (1842-1925) and Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), and marked the birth of psychoanalysis, though Freud did not use this actual term until a year later. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. The following Content Outline provides an overview of the history of understanding psychological disorders, followed by a summary of the major theoretical models used to explain them. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is our heredity material. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. d. humanists. 146. In the case of men. b. genetic mutations. 114. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent? 137. The psychologist credited with paving the way for psychologists to practice psychotherapy is: The psychologist who is said to have made it possible for psychologists to do psychotherapy is called "the pioneer." Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. 2 Models of Abnormality There are six models in Abnormal Psychology which aim to describe and explain psychological abnormalities and how the treatment works for each. It sends brief electrical currents through the brain, stimulating a seizure. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. a. family-social b. multicultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 135. 134. 70. The _____ operates in accord with the pleasure principle. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. Neural transmission. In respondent conditioning, learning happens in three phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and postconditioning. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used MOST often in the treatment of: Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? Which statement would a family systems theorist MOST likely agree with? A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? The perspective is overly precise. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). 61. 2.2.3.1. Furthermore, some patients report feeling as though they lack speech or motor control, thus feeling at times like a robot. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. In the business setting, a model or trainer demonstrates how to use a computer program or run a register for a new employee. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: a. genome mapping is a waste of time. Psychosurgery. D) Its symptoms, such as irrational beliefs, are a severe form of illogical thinking. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. 26. 147. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. Conditioning. c. working to change unacceptable thoughts. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on: a. using I language. First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. This is an example of: The contents of the unconscious could move from the unconscious to preconscious, but to do so, it had to pass a Gate Keeper. They all attempt to explain the causes and treatments for all psychological illnesses, and all from a different approach.