The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. As Phillip was a devout Catholic, he disliked Elizabeths religious settlement and Protestanism. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. The attack was a success. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. The English navy attempted some minor raids but they were largely ineffective as only 2 Spanish ships were lost, and these were by accident. Elizabeth offered support to the Protestant Henry IV of France but found him an difficult ally to get on with. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. Suitable for the Edexcel GCSE History (9-1) course. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. (*fragmentary*). After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. This was a huge sum of money, especially when you consider the annual income of the Crown was approximately 286,000. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. VAT reg no 816865400. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. Elizabeth wasnt able to publically acknowledge his achievements and when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588, he was the vice-admiral in command of the English fleet that helped successfully defend the attack. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. First English colony in Virginia established. 1. The threat of invasion was heavy as England was in the midst of strongly Catholic countries in Europe, who saw Elizabeth's Protestantism as a threat to their own countries and a major problem. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. There was also a fear that France and Scotland, alongside Spain, could launch an invasion of England as part of a greater Catholic crusade against the rogue English Protestant nation. In 1581, Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain and established a Dutch republic. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the problem posed to Elizabeth I upon her accession arising from the question of legitimacy. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. . With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. 30 ships were destroyed, as well as lots of supplies. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Francis Drake is knighted on the Golden Hind. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. [The importance of dates and chronology help demonstrate the long- term impact of Marys presence, which helps support the initial judgement.]. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Those who refused this were sent to prison. to answer the Section Focus Question: What were the causes of westward It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. In this sense, the colonisation of Virginia should be understood in relation to the wider conflict with Spain. If Elizabeth made England a Protestant country, he could become a dangerous enemy. Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Boston Spa, The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. Throckmorton was tortured and although he confessed, was then killed. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. Drake himself described the raid as Singeing the King of Spains beard. LS23 6AD There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. At the beginning of her reign, an obvious candidate for Elizabeth to marry was her half sister's widow, Phillip of Spain. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. The English ships moved in for the attack and the following battle lasted several hours with 5 Spanish ships having been sunk. The Duke of Medina Sidonia sailed up the Channel and anchored at Calais while waiting for reinforcements from the Duke of Parmas troops. She was able to fight off illness, rebellions . Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Use your outline - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. The conspirators including Babington were all. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. 1558 -french threat. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Her aggressive stance on some issues led to further problems such as those faced in Ireland. As the war ended, Philip II of Spain wanted to stay on good . This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. - navy to firth of Forth. Seeing Spain as a threat, Elizabeth tried to form an alliance with France. As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Elizabeth I inherited a position of war with France, which was declared by Mary in 1556. Topic guides / This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. This meant atholics did not think . LS23 6AD Another serious contender was Francis, Duke of Alencon, later Duke of Anjou. Boston Spa, You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Before she came to the throne her mother Mary of Guise ruled Scotland while she remained in France married to the French prince Francis. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. Edward was born on 12 October 1537 in his mother's room inside Hampton Court Palace, in Middlesex. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. In 1569, one of the wealthiest landowners in England, the Duke of Norfolk concocted a plan to marry Mary, Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeths heir. In 1558, England and Spain were still allies against France, but King Philip of Spain (who had been married to Mary) hated Protestantism with a passion. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section A 8145/2A/C - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 2: British depth study 1HI0 B1-B4 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 2: Period study 1HIA P1-P5 - 21 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA A Level History Paper 1 (options A to L) 7042/1C - 26 May 2022 [Exam Chat], OCR A Level History Non-British period study: All Exams - 22 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 1: Thematic study 1HI0 10-13 - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section B 8145/2B/C - 21 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 2 Section A 8145/2A/A - 16 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 1 Section B 8145/1B/C - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel A Level History Paper 3: 9HI0 30-39 - 22 June 2022 [Exam Chat], AQA GCSE History Paper 1 Section B 8145/1B/B - 19 May 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel GCSE History Paper 3: Modern depth study 1HI0 30-33 - 9 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat], Edexcel A Level History Paper 2: Depth Study 9HI0 2A-2H - 10 Jun 2022 [Exam Chat]. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. . However, it should be noted that one reason for the eventual crushing of the revolt is because the vast majority of Catholics in the north stayed loyal to Elizabeth and did not revolt, suggesting that Elizabeth did not face a threat from all Catholics within England, but enough of a threat to be permanently suspicious. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. When Elizabeth came to the throne in 1558 her people were divided by religion. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Elizabeth's legitimacy was one of many problems that Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots eventually took place on 8th February 1587. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. Doodle's Point of View Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. Their union had brought peace between Spain and England, and Elizabeth's Privy Council hoped to maintain this. LS23 6AD The first question to ask yourself when revising for GCSE psychology is which exam board am I studying? The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Write a paragraph or two. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. Save. The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! John White led another group to Roanoke, 3 years after the attempt to colonise it. In April 1587, Drake sailed to Cadiz and began attacking the anchored ships there. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Importantly too, at different points these plots were orchestrated or sponsored by the Pope and Spain and were dependent on the support of English Catholics to work, demonstrating the increasing Catholic threat to Elizabeth, internationally and domestically. From there we will look at the career . - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. ( Public Domain ) Henry VIII was succeeded by his son Edward VI who reigned for a mere six years before succumbing to tuberculosis at the age of 15. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. However, to say therefore increasing involvement was the responsibility of Elizabeth alone would be wrong. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Financial Weakness She was 300,000 in debt. On the show, Francis has a tumultuous relationship with his wife, Mary, and their inability to conceive a child is a major source of conflict between them. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. Here is a summary timeline of key events for students taking Early Elizabethan England (1558-88). Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. [A range of examples and wide-ranging knowledge really help explore the extent of this problem facing Elizabeth.]. Company Reg no: 04489574. Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . Between the period between 1577 and 1580, Drake sailed around the world and carried out a number of raids on Spanish settlements and ships. The Armadas journey back to Spain was a disaster. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. Mary, Queen of Scots, flees from Scotland to England. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586.
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