[76] The troops were willing to follow Sulla to Rome; his officers, however, realised Sulla's plans and deserted him (except his quaestor and kinsman, almost certainly Lucius Licinius Lucullus). Books. Guide to primary sources; Ask for help; CSU Pueblo University Library Email Me. In, Constitutional reforms of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Rubicon: The Last Years of the Roman Republic, L. Cornelius (392) L. f. P. n. Sulla Felix ('Epaphroditus'), Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sulla&oldid=1142439185. He was both eloquent and clever, and he made friends easily. What Is a Primary Source? This also removed the need for the censor to draw up a list of senators, since more than enough former magistrates were always available to fill the Senate. From Book 81 [81.1] [87 BCE] Lucius Sulla besieged Athens, which had been occupied by Archelaus, an officer of Mithridates; [81.2] [86] after much labor he took the city .. note he gave it back the freedom it used to have. [citation needed], Sulla became embroiled in a political fight against one of the plebeian tribunes, Publius Sulpicius Rufus, on the matter of how the new Italian citizens were to be distributed into the Roman tribes for purposes of voting. The populares nonetheless seized power once he left with his army to Asia. Sulla then established a system where all consuls and praetors served in Rome during their year in office, and then commanded a provincial army as a governor for the year after they left office. He brought Pompeii under siege. Encyclopedias. The Library of Congress Teacher's page provides tools and guides for using primary sources in research, focusing of the unique materials in the Library's digital collections. The Battle of Sacriportus occurred between the forces of Young Marius and the battle-hardened legions of Sulla. Primary Source 10. Sulla was closely associated with Venus,[9] adopting the title Epaphroditos meaning favored of Aphrodite/Venus.[10]. Ariobarzanes had been driven out by Mithridates VI of Pontus, who wanted to install one of his own sons (Ariarathes) on the Cappadocian throne. Primary sources in history are often created by people who witnessed, participated in, or were otherwise close to a particular event. They had, however, fallen on hard times. Se l'azienda ha pi di 200 dipendenti, deve essere presente anche il rappresentante sindacale aziendale (RSA). Upon his arrival, Sulla had his quaestor Lucullus order Sura, who had vitally delayed Mithridates' advances into Greece, to retreat back into Macedonia. He returned victorious from the east in 82 BC, marched a second time on Rome, and crushed the populares and their Italian allies at the Battle of the Colline Gate. During these times on the stage, after initially only singing, he started writing plays, Atellan farces, a kind of crude comedy. [121], Fighting in 83BC began with reverses for Sulla's opponents: their governors in Africa and Sardinia were deposed. Editor: Paul Halsall. [53], Relations between Rome and its allies (the socii), had deteriorated over the years up to 91BC. He left one of his allies, Quintus Lucretius Afella to maintain the siege at Praeneste and moved for Rome. Identifying and locating primary sources can be challenging. Late in the year, Sulla cooperated with Marius (who was a legate in the northern theatre) in the northern part of southern Italy to defeat the Marsi: Marius defeated the Marsi, sending them headlong into Sulla's waiting forces. "[133][134], At the end of 82 BC or the beginning of 81 BC,[135] the Senate appointed Sulla dictator legibus faciendis et reipublicae constituendae causa ("dictator for the making of laws and for the settling of the constitution"). [113] The extra time spent in Asia, moreover, equipped him with forces and money later put to good use in Italy. Even those whom Sulla had quarrelled with (including Publius Cornelius Cethegus, whom Sulla had outlawed in 88 BC) defected to join his side. [19] Plutarch mentions that during his last marriage to Valeria, he still kept company with "actresses, musicians, and dancers, drinking with them on couches night and day.[20]. From 133BC and the start of Tiberius Gracchus' land reforms, Italian communities were displaced from de jure Roman public lands over which no title had been enforced for generations. Primary sources provide raw information and first-hand evidence. Campaigning on his military record, the people were unwilling to hear tales of military bravado from a mere junior officer after two triumphs. Textbook passages discussing specific concepts, events, and experiments. Newspapers. Lucius other name: Sulla Details individual; military/naval; official; Roman; Male. When Scipio refused, Sulla let him go. By the end of the war, the SSA had conscripted over 2.8 million American men. As Sulla viewed the office, the tribunate was especially dangerous, and his intention was to not only deprive the Tribunate of power, but also of prestige (Sulla himself had been officially deprived of his eastern command through the underhanded activities of a tribune). Sulla had officially been declared an outlaw and in the eyes of the Cinnan regime, Flaccus was to take command of an army without a legal commander. [52] He may have stayed in the east until 92BC, when he returned to Rome. Ideally, each ensemble is diverse, both in cultural background and practical experience. Sulla had total control of the city and Republic of Rome, except for Hispania (which Marius' general Quintus Sertorius had established as an independent state). [61] But after Cato's death in battle with the Marsi,[62] Sulla was prorogued pro consule and placed in supreme command of the southern theatre. According only to Appian, he then brought legislation to strengthen the Senate's position in the state and weaken the plebeian tribunes by eliminating the comitia tributa as a legislative body and requiring that tribunes first receive senatorial approval for legislation;[80] some scholars, however, reject Appian's account as mere retrojection of legislation passed during Sulla's dictatorship. Historians and other scholars classify sources as primary or secondary. Sulla, who opposed the Gracchian popularis reforms, was an optimate; though his coming to the side of the traditional Senate originally could be described as atavistic when dealing with the tribunate and legislative bodies, while more visionary when reforming the court system, governorships, and membership of the Senate. [70][71] They were designed to regulate Rome's finances, which were in a very sorry state after all the years of continual warfare. To further solidify the prestige and authority of the Senate, Sulla transferred the control of the courts from the equites, who had held control since the Gracchi reforms, to the senators. Sulla's body was cremated and his ashes placed in his tomb in the Campus Martius. [28][29], Under Marius, the Roman forces followed a very similar plan as under Metellus, capturing and garrisoning fortified positions in the African countryside. An inscription on a sixteenth-century tombstone in Istanbul would be a primary source from the Classical Ottoman Age. Capturing the city, Sulla had it destroyed. Archelaus tried to break out but were unsuccessful; Sulla then annihilated the Pontic army and captured its camp. Almost breaking before Marius' makeshift forces, Sulla then stationed troops all over the city before summoning the Senate and inducing it to outlaw Marius, Marius' son, Sulpicius, and nine others. This mixture was later referred to by Machiavelli in his description of the ideal characteristics of a ruler. Sulla then left for Capua before joining an army near Nola in southern Italy.[74]. [102] According to the ancient sources, Archelaus commanded between 60,000 and 120,000 men;[103] in the aftermath, he allegedly escaped with only 10,000. At the same time, Marius had annihilated the Cimbri's allies, the Teutones, at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae. [119][120] The remainder of 83BC was dedicated to recruiting for the next year's campaign amid poor weather: Quintus Sertorius had raised a considerable force in Etruria, but was alienated from the consuls by the election of Gaius Marius' son rather than himself and so left to his praetorian province of Hispania Citerior; Sulla repudiated recognition of any treaties with the Samnites, whom he did not consider to be Roman citizens due to his rejection of Marius and Cinna's deal in 87BC. Finally, Sulla revoked the power of the tribunes to veto acts of the Senate, although he left intact the tribunes' power to protect individual Roman citizens. Pueblo, CO 81001. [86] He then left Italy with his troops without delay, ignoring legal summons and taking over command from a legate in Macedonia. J. They are often based on primary sources. Gaius Marius, a lieutenant of Metellus, returned to Rome to stand for the consulship in 107BC. Marius and his son, along with some others, escaped to Africa. Social: Facebook Page YouTube Page Instagram Page. Of the twelve outlaws, only Sulpicius was killed after being betrayed by a slave. [60], The next year, 89BC, Sulla served as legate under the consul Lucius Porcius Cato. [111], The peace reached with Mithridates was condemned in ancient times as a betrayal of Roman interests for Sulla's private interest in fighting and winning the coming civil war. A list of useful online sources for reading about Rome at the time of Sulla Bill Thayer's LacusCurtius - Includes maps of the Roman world, texts of several primary sources, and William Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities. Sulla then duly besieged the city. primary name: Sulla, Lucius Cornelius other name: Cornelius L f P n Sulla Felix . Archives; Correspondence The Internet Modern History Sourcebook is one of series of history primary sourcebooks. Book Sources: Bloody Sunday - Selma to Montgomery March (1965) A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. Cinna violently quarrelled with his co-consul, Gnaeus Octavius. When he was still a proconsul in 82, he planned and executed the proscriptions against his enemies for revenge, especially from the Marian camp, and against rich Romans because he needed money to pay his veterans . [40] His prospects for advancement under Marius stalled, however, Sulla started to complain "most unfairly" that Marius was withholding opportunities from him. Sulla played an important role in the long political struggle between the optimates and populares factions at Rome. [48] The Parthian ambassador, Orobazus, was executed upon his return to Parthia for allowing this humiliation; the Parthians, however, ratified the treaty reached, which established the Euphrates as a clear boundary between Parthia and Rome. Normally, candidates had to have first served for ten years in the military, but by Sulla's time, this had been superseded by an age requirement. While besieging Pompeii, an Italian relief force came under Lucius Cluentius, which Sulla defeated and forced into flight towards Nola. The collection currently contains . Sulla's arrival in Brundisium induced defections from the Senate in Rome: Marcus Licinius Crassus, who had already fled from the Cinnan regime, raised an army in Spain, and departed for Africa to join with Metellus Pius (who also joined the Sullans), joined Sulla even before his landing in Italy. Essentially, they're sources about primary sources. In 109, Rome sent Quintus Caecilius Metellus to continue the war. [75], Speaking to the men, Sulla complained to them of the outrageous behaviour of Marius and Sulpicius. Having exhausted available provisions near Athens, doing so was both necessary to ensure the survival of his army and also to relieve a brigade of six thousand men cut off in Thessaly. The Senate moved the senatus consultum ultimum against him and was successful in levying large amount of men and materiel from the Italians. Eyeglasses from Colonial America would be a primary source about Early American History. There, Sulla attacked him in an indecisive battle. Primary sources are "first-hand" information, sources as close as possible to the origin of the information or idea under study. Over the previous 300 years, the tribunes had directly challenged the patrician class and attempted to deprive it of power in favor of the plebeian class. Gill. You may copy and distribute the translations and commentaries in this resource, or parts of such translations and commentaries, in any medium . If Sulla hesitated it can only have been because he was not sure how his army would react. An example of the extent of his charming side was that his soldiers would sing a ditty about Sulla's one testicle, although without truth, to which he allowed as being "fond of a jest. [129], Sulla had his stepdaughter Aemilia (daughter of princeps senatus Marcus Aemilius Scaurus) married to Pompey, although she shortly died in childbirth. However, despite this portrayal, particularly from Plutarch's accounts, it is difficult to determine just how culpable Marius and Sulla were for the chaos that engulfed the Roman Republic Also, Faustus Cornelius Sulla, Nero's cousin, was exiled as a potential rival in 58. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. The Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla - Primary Source Edition Paperback - September 30, 2013 by Augustus Henry Beesly (Author) 3.4 out of 5 stars 4 ratings In . The later battle, at Orchomenus, was fought in high summer but before the start of the autumn rains. Turning south, he engaged the Pontic army allegedly 90,000[101] on the plain of Orchomenus. Secondary sources are interpretations of history. 134/3 eagle's brood foretells the number of Marius' consulships. The faculty and students of the Hanover College History Department initiated the Hanover Historical Texts Project in 1995, at a time when few primary sources were available outside of published anthologies. [35], In 104BC, the Cimbri and the Teutones, two Germanic tribes who had bested the Roman legions on several occasions, seemed to again be heading for Italy. [108] Adding to his challenges was Lucullus' fleet, reinforced by Rhodian allies. Sulla's First Civil War (88-87 BC) was triggered by an attempt to strip him of the command against Mithridates and saw Sulla become the first Roman to lead an army against the city for four hundred years. Sulla rose to prominence during the war against the Numidian king Jugurtha, whom he captured as a result of Jugurtha's betrayal by the king's allies, although his superior Gaius Marius took credit for ending the war. [100], In the summer of 86BC, two major battles were fought in Boeotia. Sulla was a man to whom, up to victory, sufficient praise can hardly be given, and for whom, after victory, no criticism can be adequate. Life dates 138 BC-78 BC. [118], For 82BC, the consular elections returned Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, in his third consulship, with the younger Gaius Marius, the son of the seven-time consul, who was then twenty-six. Roman military leaders. The Roman general and dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla (138-78 B.C.) [127] Sulla himself was defeated and forced to flee into his camp, but his lieutenant Crassus on the right wing won the battle in the night. [57], The same year, Bocchus paid for the erection of a statue depicting Sulla's capture of Jugurtha. The cultivated grapevine (Vitis vinifera ssp. He was a leader of the optimates, which sought to maintain senatorial supremacy against the populist reforms advocated by the populares, headed by Marius. This unusual appointment (used hitherto only in times of extreme danger to the city, such as during the Second Punic War, and then only for 6-month periods) represented an exception to Rome's policy of not giving total power to a single individual. Sulla then prohibited ex-tribunes from ever holding any other office, so ambitious individuals would no longer seek election to the tribunate, since such an election would end their political career. This, of course, made him very popular with the poorer citizens. Primary sources are most often produced around the time of the events you are studying. . [109] When Flaccus' consular army marched through Macedonia towards Thrace, his command was usurped by his legate Gaius Flavius Fimbria, who had Flaccus killed before chasing Mithridates with his army into Asia itself. [26] Sulla was assigned by lot to his staff. Lucius Cornelius Sulla was born in 138 BCE in Puteoli, Italy. His descendants among the Cornelii Sullae would hold four consulships during the imperial period: Lucius Cornelius Sulla in 5 BC, Faustus Cornelius Sulla in AD 31, Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix in AD 33, and Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix in 52 AD (he was the son of the consul of 31, and the husband of Claudia Antonia, daughter of the emperor Claudius). The constitutional reforms of Sulla were a series of laws enacted by the Roman dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla between 82 and 80 BC, reforming the Constitution of the Roman Republic in a revolutionary way.. He defeated Norbanus at the Battle of Mount Tifata, forcing the consul to withdraw. Perseus Collection of Greek and Roman Material - Has numerous texts of primary sources. "[158], His excesses and penchant for debauchery could be attributed to the difficult circumstances of his youth, such as losing his father while he was still in his teens and retaining a doting stepmother, necessitating an independent streak from an early age. [41] After the failure of negotiations, the Romans and Cimbri engaged in the Battle of the Raudian Field in which the Cimbri were routed and destroyed. Rome at the End of the Punic Wars [History, Book 6] [At this Site] Acts of the Divine Augustus (Res Gestae Divi Augusti) [At MIT] The Life of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), [At UNRV History] Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola (40-93 CE), c.98 CE trans. The historian Sallust fleshes out this character sketch of Sulla: He was well versed both in Greek and Roman literature, and had a truly remarkable mind. Sulla retained his earlier reforms, which required senatorial approval before any bill could be submitted to the Plebeian Council (the principal popular assembly), and which had also restored the older, more aristocratic "Servian" organization to the Centuriate Assembly (assembly of soldiers). In this first video of a 2-part tutorial, we will discuss primary sources. [88] Political violence in Rome continued even in Sulla's absence. Updated on June 22, 2022 Students. "[148][149] Sulla's example proved that it could be done, therefore inspiring others to attempt it; in this respect, he has been seen as another step in the Republic's fall. Pompey ambushed eight legions sent to relieve Praeneste but an uprising from the Samnites and the Lucanians forced Sulla to deploy south as they moved also to relieve Praeneste or join with Carbo in the north. Sulla, undeterred, stood again for the praetorship the next year, promising he would pay for good shows; duly elected as praetor in 97BC, he was assigned by lot to the urban praetorship. Primary sources can include: Texts of laws and other original documents. [114], The general feeling in Italy, however, was decidedly anti-Sullan; many people feared Sulla's wrath and still held memories of his extremely unpopular occupation of Rome during his consulship. The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form during the Black Death, with a mortality rate of 30-75% and symptoms including fever of 38 - 41 C (101-105 F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Mithridates also would equip Sulla with seventy or eighty ships and pay a war indemnity of two or three thousand talents. Marius, an Italian by birth rather than a pure Roman, was a relative newcomer to the Roman elite, and he was considered an outsider by the Senate fathers. [32] After the Senate approved negotiations with Bocchus, it delegated the talks to Marius, who appointed Sulla as envoy plenipotentiary. After some days, both sides engaged in battle. Marius and Sulla are very curious figures in the late Roman Republic. Sulla was born in a very turbulent era of Rome's history, which has often been described as the beginning of the fall of the Roman Republic.The political climate was marked by civil discord and rampant political violence where voting in the Assembly was . There is no single tool that will find everything at UCR, but a good start is to reach . [21] Regardless, by the standards of the Roman political class, Sulla was a very poor man. Sulla 5 (L. Cornelius Sulla Felix) - Roman dictator, 82-79 B.C. [96] Rome unsuccessfully defended Delos from an joint invasion by Athens and Pontus. Helping or sheltering a proscribed person was punishable by death, while killing a proscribed person was rewarded with two talents. The personal motto was "no better friend, no worse enemy.". This prophecy was to have a powerful hold on Sulla throughout his lifetime. After Sulla had recovered the government by force of arms, everybody became robbers and plunderers. When the campaign in Italy started, two theatres emerged, with Sulla facing the younger Marius in the south and Metellus Pius facing Carbo in the north. To this end, he reaffirmed the requirement that any individual wait for 10 years before being re-elected to any office. At the same time, Mithridates attempted to force a land battle in northern Greece, and dispatched a large army across the Hellespont. [27], When Marius took over the war, he entrusted Sulla to organise cavalry forces in Italy needed to pursue the mobile Numidians into the desert. Sulla then settled affairs "reparations, rewards, administrative and financial arrangements for the future" in Asia, staying there until 84BC. [84] Cinna, even before the election, said he would prosecute Sulla at the conclusion of the latter's consular term. [63] All of these victories would have been won before the consular elections in October 89. The first of the leges Corneliae concerned the interest rates, and stipulated that all debtors were to pay simple interest only, rather than the common compound interest that so easily bankrupted the debtors. [126] Sulla's specific movements are very vaguely described in Appian, but he was successful in preventing the Italians from relieving Praeneste or joining with Carbo. [23] The means by which Sulla attained the fortune which later would enable him to ascend the ladder of Roman politics are not clear; Plutarch refers to two inheritances, one from his stepmother (who loved him dearly) and the other from his mistress Nicopolis. [155] Plutarch notes that Sulla considered that "his golden head of hair gave him a singular appearance. Plutarch, writing much . He was to return the kingdoms of Bithynia and Cappadocia to Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes, respectively. The dictator is the subject of four Italian operas, two of which take considerable liberties with history: Sulla is a central character in the first three, Lucius Cornelius Sulla is also a character in the first book of the, His first wife was Ilia, according to Plutarch. [130], In total control of the city and its affairs, Sulla instituted a series of proscriptions (a program of executing and confiscating the property of those whom he perceived as enemies of the state). Newspaper reports, by reporters who witnessed an event or who quote people who did. [97], Early in 87BC, Sulla transited the Adriatic for Thessaly with his five legions. From this distance, Sulla remained out of the day-to-day political activities in Rome, intervening only a few times when his policies were involved (e.g. His rival, Gnaeus Papirius Carbo, described Sulla as having the cunning of a fox and the courage of a lion but that it was his cunning that was by far the most dangerous. The two primary sources for this paper are Sallust's If Sulla had married one of the Julii Caesares, this could explain Marius' willingness to entrust such an important task to a young man with no military experience, as Marius too had married into that family. [64], Political developments in Rome also started to bring an end to the war. [92] In the summer of 88, he reorganised the administration of the area before unsuccessfully besieging Rhodes. This, along with the increase in the number of courts, further added to the power that was already held by the senators. Primary sources are the evidence of history, original records or objects created by participants or observers at the time historical . Weekly Newspaper Articles as Primary Sources. Each actor's story is unique and each brings something important to the ensemble. But it was from 59, Nero's fifth year as emperor that things started to go seriously . Plutarch of Chaeronea in Boeotia (ca. sulla primary sources. Hind 1992, p.150 dismisses claims in Plutarch and Vellius Paterclus of Athens being forced to cooperate with Mithridates as "very hollow" and "apologia". [138], As promised, when his tasks were complete, Sulla returned his powers and withdrew to his country villa near Puteoli to be with his family. Some of these historians lived at the time of the events, and therefore, may actually be primary sources, but others, especially Plutarch (CE 45-125), who covers men from multiple eras, lived later than the events they describe. [21], This article is about the Roman dictator. There, while giving a speech, he had three or four thousand Samnite prisoners butchered, to the shock of the attending senators. Primary Sources on the Web: Finding, Evaluating, Using. 1011 accepts these inheritances without much comment and places them around Sulla's turning thirty years of age. 719-549-2333. However, his candidature was dealt a blow when he was brought up on charges of extorting Ariobarzanes. If the latter, he may have married into the Julii Caesares. The Roman Republic and territories in 100 B.C.
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