Papers documenting the research materials and scholarly work of Dr. Ivor L. Miller in cultural studies of the African Diaspora. These lettere were heeded to and in April 1846, the first missionaries arrived Old Calabar. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. Photo by Eli Bentor. Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century. [52] The Captains wrote the acting consul who was stationed at Fernando Po. [47] At the time of their exit from Creek town, the reigning monarch of Creek town was their half brother Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. What is a Free Agent "A free agent is one who isn't privileged with even one pure Leopard spiritline from the survivors of the Great Attempt. [52] These atrocities angered the missionaries and European captains alike. As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. The Oroko (also Bareka/Batekka) are an ethnic group in Cameroon.They belong to the coastal Bantu group, widely known as Sawa, and primarily occupy the Ndian and Meme divisions of the Southwest Region of Cameroon.The people predominantly speak Oroko, English, and Cameroon Pidgin English.The Oroko are related to several ethnic groups (or tribes) in Cameroon's coastal areas, with whom they share . Photo by Jordan Fenton. The Efik people speak the Efik language, which is a BenueCongo language of the Cross River family. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. The Ogboni fraternity is said to have a strong affiliation to royalty, gerontological system of governance and the law enforcement of the community. [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. . Among these included Yams, Fufu and an unidentified type of black soup frequently mentioned in 19th century Old Calabar literature. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. [11] The last three clans had greatly dwindled in number and many of their members are believed to have been miscegenated into other Efik clans. One-word searches work best.Use AND to require multiple terms: LEFT Small ukara with minute patterned design and Omu Aro symbol. Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. The term igo has also been used for the organization's members. Efik names were often anglicised to gain the trust of European traders. By the 18th and 19th centuries, the Efik strategy for filling the international demand for slaves was via obtaining slaves from inland slave traders such as Eniong, Ndokki and Arochukwu. The society is not a 'secret society or a cult,'3 what is secret is the representations of its emblem in material symbol - the ekpe stone and the nsibidi (sign language). [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice. [70] Several meals were composed of yam such as Usu abia, Iwk abia, Afia abia, sb abia, Edifrai abia and fp abia. Law and order in Efik society was maintained via a number of secret societies. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. [5] Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. [44] Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. [12] Due to the support of the missionaries, the Efik language became the language of religion. In the culture we have discussed, the term fadenya refers to: the relationship between father and child, and half siblings - requiring self-assertion, independence, innovation, and competition. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. Ekpe masquerade mimic the form of a lion or leopard moves. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. In the case of the latter, in the heat of the confusion, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar were they were sold. Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. [53] It was common for Efik traders to take up trading names during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. The missionaries who arrived in 1846 contributed to the changes in women's attire in Efik society. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. At Old Calabar, traders had slowly started transitioning completely into the lucrative palm oil trade. Also i want bomb and shell. [51] When the twins were older, they left for the opposite end of the island to Duke town. Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. Google Scholar Aye, E. A. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. The Ekpe Masquerade Jun. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in the present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. "[20] [15] This theory appears to be isolated as other Ibibio writers do not narrate that such terms were used by the Ibibio. [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. This exhibition, on view from April 18 to August 2, was organized by the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, and generously supported by the William B. Jaffe and Evelyn A. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the Nsibidi script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. "Egbo" redirects here. Ekpe means leopard, not lion. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. On behalf of Ekpe-USA Leadership, I hereby remind every member of Ngbe who has taken the aoth that our fathers and great grand fathers took to uphold those sacred traditions and beliefs, to immediately start preparations to do what they must do to send our brother to join our ancestors. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. For instance any member wronged in an Ekpe district, that is one dominated by the society, has only to address an Ekpe-man or beat the Ekpe drum in the Ekpe-house, or blow Ekpe as it is called, i.e., sound the Ekpe horn, before the hut of the wrong-doer, and the whole machinery of the society is put in force to see justice done. She or he is a random of nature, a result of mixed up and confused spiritual genetics. It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. Collection of Eli Bentor. But most importantly, it should be mentioned that if its members did not support the ostensible reality of ekpe, as a thing to be feared and appeased, then the The Amama often appropriate hundreds of acres of palm trees for their own use and, with the profits they earn, ensure that their sons achieve comparable rank, which has the effect of limiting access to economic gain for other members of the community. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. In The River Between, Waiyaki's father, Chege, is: The new, white man's religion is represented by the: Early in the story, Waiyaki undergoes his "second birth". The Ekpe society is the most renowned traditional institution in Efik history. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. identity. The Ekpe Society or Mgbe society as it is also fondly called is very reputable and covers a wider range of ethnic groups such as: the Efut; the Efik; the Qua-Ejegham, and the Okonko ( the Igbo-speaking areas). Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. Here's a look inside. The area from which the Sunjata Epic comes was historically: the geographical location of the great medieval African kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Omissions? The instruments above are particularly important to our study of the Sunjata because: they are the traditional instruments of the jeliw who tell the story in public performance. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. [26] Essien points out that Atakpor Uruan Inyang is one of the Efik deities and asserts that among the Uruan exists the saying "Ke Ndem Efik Iboku, Atakpor ke Ekuk", which can be interpreted to mean "Where there is the Efik deity, there is also Atakpor Uruan to share with it. . The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. Laws were passed to halt several practices regarded as unchristian. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". http://Ekpesociety.blogspot.com; www.ekpe.org; http://Ekpesocietyusa.blogspot.com; http://ndiboyevengo.blogspot.com, Ekpe Society 1st Conclave from Sept 16 to 17 2009, Ekpe DC Sessekou relaxing during the conclave, Ekpe Society members with Justice Hilman Egbe at a MECA DC meeting, Ekpe Chief Maurice Enoh's funeral in Dallas on January 27th and 28th 2012, Maurice Enoh: The 1st Manyu Ekpe USA Sessekou to die in USA, Maurice Enoh returning from his crowning ceremony as Ekpe Chief in Kepelle Village, Ekpe-USA received at the Smithsonian Museum. Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. [72] In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). Living in what is now Southeast Nigeria and Southwest Cameroon, the people were physically divided by British and German colonial holdings in Africa. Known generally as Ekpe, Egbo, Ngbe, or Ugbe among the multi-lingual groups in the region, these closed groups all used the leopard as a symbol of masculine prowess in war and political authority in their various communities. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. [42] K.K. (1985). [33][35] The Efik came to her defence and the dispute escalataed[34] Legend has it that this was the last straw that led to the Uruan-Efik war (known in Efik as Ek Abasi-Anwan) which led to the exit of the Efik from the Uruan country. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. Members are bound by oath of secrecy, and fees on entrance are payable. Explain. [23][24], The Oriental original is most popular among indigenous Efik historians such as E.U. Free masons were originally an ancient Egyptian fraternity of builders, with Imhotep, as their founder and chief sculptor. [9] The Efik have also been referred to as "Calabar people" in historical literature. Also join us across all of our other channels - we love to be connected! The origins of these symbols date way before colonization, but, from my understanding, the use of these symbols died out as the influence of Ekpe secret society lessened. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. [65] Cannons were shot at the town and every house was levelled to the ground. The paper critically examined the Ekpe society in its indigenous form and nature prior the advent of Christianity, Western education and Western influence. Initiated into ekpe society at 9 as was done in those days and now not even a word is mentioned each time you talk about ekpe in manyu. [33][34] Abasi is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. Welcome to brotherhood Illuminati where you can becomerich famous and popular and your life story we be changetotally my name is Dan Jerry I am here to share mytestimony on how I join the great brotherhood Illuminatiand my life story was change immediately . Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. Several periods have been estimated by foreign scholars and indigenous historians. And it's a symbol in both. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. Long time we no look Man-of-War as Blount promise one Frenchman come make plenty palaver for slave when we can't get them. [33] Abasi's husband insisted that the problem should be resolved by the chiefs. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Calabar. [37] The items believed to have been taken include Ikpaya (woven raffia robe), Akata (throne) and Ayang (Broom). Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. quickly adapted to fulfil other economic and civil functions. Cameroon's multilingual Cross River basin. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the . [41] Latham hypothesizes that the Efik may have arrived before the middle of the seventeenth century. "[18] References to the Igbo origin of the Efik were also made at the Hart's enquiry into the Obongship dispute where Etubom Efiom Obo Effanga asserted that the term "Iboku" meant quarrelsome Igbos. ________. The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). The design is left to the discretion of the Ezillo creators, who are not Ekpe members and do not know the meanings of nsibidi. Efik populations are found in the following regions: Secret societies aided in the maintaining of law and order at Old Calabar. cherryblossom wrote on watzinaname's profile. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. [30][31] Another reason given by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku asserts that the Uruan accused the Efik of wizardry and of being responsible for the frequent seizure of their children by crocodiles. Another account from the Qua claimed that Ekpe (Mgbe) migrated from Cameroon. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. The island is believed to be named after a fisherman from Mbiabo known as Ene Ankot. by Web Services Editor. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. According to Historians, this technique of indigo-dyeing was developed in the Dogon kingdom in Mali (West Africa) dating back to the 11th century. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. [52] A number of people were hanged, shot and buried with the late chief according to the custom. The cloth is then dipped in indigo dye and hung to dry. Originally, items such as onions (Oyim mbakara) was rare in Efik meals. The Ekpe society, the regulatory society in Manyu Division also fixed a heavy fine on any defaulter. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the Benue -Congo subfamily of the Niger - Congo language group. A reconsideration of kp and Abaku suggests an agenda for the study of kp in diaspora from a different perspective. Objects and images in the exhibition courtesy of Dr. Eli Bentor. Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. Over the years, the Victorian dress has been modified and given what is regarded as a dignified African look. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. [59] According to Rev. [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. Hall Fund. The Efik acted as the middlemen between the European vessels and the inland slave traders. It may not display this or other websites correctly. A list of some of Africa's most prominent cults and secret societies of all time. Covering, concealing, and protecting their bodies, it functions as a physical metaphor for the ideological secrecy that the Ekpe society carefully constructs and guards. Oral tradition holds that a type of clothing known as "Itu ita" was the earliest fabric imported into Old Calabar. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). I hope Queen Victoria and young prince will live long time and we get good friend. The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. clothing stores in columbia mall Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors (ikan). [45] What is most certain is that the Efik arrived Creek Town led by Edidem Eyo Ema Atai together with Oku Atai Atai Ema Atai, Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai, Efiom Ekpo Efiom Ekpo and several others. [40] NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository society to its Caribbean incarnation, which has deeply influenced Cuba's creative energy and popular consciousness. It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. I'm still struggling to understand her choice. This village was originally named Ta Set Maat. ugly and deformed, but predicted to be the mother of a great king. [47] Antia Ekot Otong is regarded as one of the descendants of the patriarch Otong Ama Ide. The traditional attire for men usually consists of a white long-sleeved shirt, a long broad soft neckerchief or scarf of costly material (Efik: kpmkpm) and a wrapper tied around the waist (Efik: Usobo).[83]. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. [36] [47] On the founding of Obutong, Colonial anthropologist M.D.W. LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In Ekpe, he is a product of a dynasty of more than five Generations of Ekpe Sisikus, also known as Nfor Ngbe or Ekpe Chiefs. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. The Ekpe Society. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. After World War II, a movement called the _____ Movement was founded by such writers as Leopold Sedar Senghor and Leon Damas, to support using Western literary forms, while writing in African languages. The Efik people occupy the basins of the Lower Cross River, down to southwestern Cameroon including Bakassi, the Calabar River and down to its streams - the Kwa River, Akpayafe (Akpa Ikang) and the Eniong Creek. Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Ibibio term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. Read More mask It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class".
Marie Callender Frozen Apple Pie In Air Fryer, Why Did Bart Hollanders Leave Professor T, Aramaic Word For Lamb, Jserra Baseball Tournament 2021, Articles E